Wednesday, April 18, 2007

PENNSYLVANIA NEWS: Game Commission Board of Directors Vs. Biologists

Rooney's two cents: Hey Thomas Boop--of course you would never run a business this way. Then again, (1) this is not a business, which is a good thing, because (2) the price of deer tags does not include many of the economic costs of deer damage, such as auto collisions and medical treatment, crop and landscape damage, disease transmission to humans and livestock, and damage to forests and forestry. I'm all for your proposal to fix the "fatal flaws" in the deer management program if you are all for adding these externalities into the price of tags. I think hunters might balk at the $200-300 price per tag, though (based on some back of the envelope calculations).

HARRISBURG, Pa. - The president of the Pennsylvania Game Commission's board of directors said Tuesday the agency's controversial deer-management plan is "fatally flawed."

"We would never run a business the way we're running our deer-management program," board president Thomas E. Boop said.

Just a few hours after Boop delivered his stinging criticism of the program, the agency biologists responsible for that program recommended continuing it with virtually no changes for the upcoming 2007-08 hunting season.

"We're going to base our information and recommendations on the best science that we can and on the best data that we can," said Cal DuBrock, head of the Game Commission's Bureau of Wildlife Management.

Tuesday was the first day of the Game Commission's annual, two-day spring meeting, at which hunting and trapping seasons and bag limits for the state's game animals are set for the following fall and winter. The commissioners will vote today to set those seasons and bag limits.

As has been the case over the past decade, deer and deer management proved to be the most discussed and most controversial topics of the meeting's first day.

Hunters lined up to tell the commissioners the deer herd across the state has been decimated by years of overhunting.

"To stay the course (with the management program) would adversely affect the sport of hunting for all ages in our state," said East Hempfield Township resident Charles Bolgiano, who is legislative liaison for Unified Sportsmen of Pennsylvania.

Likewise, forest managers and people interested in seeing diversified wildlife and plant life lined up to encourage the commissioners not to alter the course of the deer-management program.

"We are finally seeing signs of recovery in forest regeneration," said Jim Chapman, a forest manager who works for a lumber company in Warren County.

Wildlife biologist Chris Rosenberry, who heads the Game Commission's deer-management division, agreed with Chapman's assessment, and said now is not the time to reverse course on the program.

The health of the state's deer and the health of the state's forest, Rosenberry said, indicate the Game Commission must keep up the current amount of hunting pressure applied to the deer herd.

As a result, Rosenberry recommended the commissioners vote today to maintain last year's slate of hunting seasons, with the exception of extending it in part of the southeast region, where deer numbers are particularly high.

He also recommended the commissioners allocate 6,000 more antlerless deer licenses than they issued last year, for a total of 865,000 licenses.

The Game Commission controls the state's deer population by regulating the number of female deer that are killed each year.

Each license allows a hunter to kill one antlerless deer, which is either a doe, a buck that's too young to have grown antlers or an older buck that has lost its antlers.

State Rep. Sam Rohrer of Berks County, who is the minority chairman of the House Game & Fisheries Committee, said more people from across the state complain to him about the deer-management program than any other issue.

Hunters are complaining to their legislators about the lack of deer, Rohrer said, because the hunters believe the Game Commission isn't listening to their opinions.

Rohrer said the Game Commission's data regarding the state's deer herd sometimes contradicts itself. He recommended the agency submit to an independent audit of its facts and figures.

Boop supported Rohrer's proposal, saying he "can't make any sense out of the data I've seen."

Rohrer said he believes the Legislature would help finance and facilitate the audit if the Game Commission would submit to it.

And he recommended the agency suspend all antlerless deer hunting by adults during the annual two-week firearms deer season this fall until the audit is conducted.

"All I'm asking for is a little bit of a break in the program so that we can focus on the data collection," Rohrer said.

Source: http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/202993

10 comments:

  1. Anonymous3:38 PM

    Greetings PGC,

    I thought I might send you this update on CWD. please circulate as you wish. ...terry


    P04.61

    Survival of PrPSc during Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes

    Pedersen, J1; Hinckley, G1; McMahon, K2; McKenzie, D3; Aiken, JM3
    1University of Wisconsin, Soil Science/Civil and Environmental Engineering,
    USA; 2University of Wisconsin, Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA;
    3University of Wisconsin, Comparative Biosciences, USA


    Concern has been expressed that prions could enter wastewater treatment systems
    through sewer and/or septic systems (e.g., necropsy laboratories, rural meat
    processors, private game dressing) or through leachate from landfills that have
    received TSE-contaminated material. Prions are highly resistant to degradation and
    many disinfection procedures raising concern that they could survive conventional
    wastewater treatment. Here, we report the results of experiments examining
    the partitioning and survival of PrPSc during simulated wastewater treatment processes
    including activated and mesophilic anaerobic sludge digestion. We establish that PrPSc
    can be efficiently extracted from activated and anaerobic digester sludges with 1%
    sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10% sodium undecyl sulfate, and 1% sodium N-lauryl
    sarcosinate. Activated sludge digestion does not result in significant degradation of
    PrPSc. The protein partitions strongly to the activated sludge solids and is
    expected to enter biosolids treatment processes. A large fraction of PrPSc survived
    simulated mesophilic anaerobic sludge digestion. Our results suggest that if
    prions were to enter municipal waste water treatment systems, most of the agent
    would partition to activated sludge solids, survive mesophilic anaerobic
    digestion, and be present in treated biosolids. Land application of biosolids containing
    prions could represent a route for their unintentional introduction into the environment.
    Our results argue for excluding inputs of prions to municipal wastewater treatment
    facilities that would result in unacceptable risk of prion disease transmission via
    contaminated biosolids.


    http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf


    P04.01

    Chronic Wasting Disease in a Captive White-Tailed Deer Farm

    Keane, D1; Barr, D1; Bochsler, P1; Hall, M2; Gidlewski, T3; O'Rourke, K4; Spraker, T5
    1University of Wisconsin, USA; 2US Department of Agriculture, USA; 3US Department
    of Agriculture, USA; 4USDA ARS-ADRU, Washington |State University, USA;
    5Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, USA


    A white-tailed deer farm in Portage, Wisconsin, was depopulated in January 2006,
    after chronic wasting disease (CWD) had been initially discovered on the property in
    September 2002. Prior to the depopulation, a total of 22 positive animals had been
    removed from the property: one in 2002, six in 2003, ten in 2004, four in 2005 and one
    in 2006. At the time of depopulation a total of 76 animals remained: 47 females and 29
    males. Age was assessed by visual examination of teeth at the time of death
    and revealed 26 adult, 8 fawn and 42 yearling animals. The following tissues were
    examined by immunohistochemistry for PrPCWD using Ab99/97.6.1: obex, tonsil,
    retropharyngeal, submandibular, parotid, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, prefemoral and
    popliteal lymph nodes, recto-anal mucosal tissue and eye. Seventy-nine percent of
    animals (sixty) were found to be positive in at least one tissue; 49 were obex positive,
    58 retropharyngeal positive, 56 tonsil positive, 48 recto-anal mucosal associated
    lymphoid tissue positive and 4 animals were positive for PrPCWD in the retina. Prion
    genotype was determined for all animals.


    http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf



    P01.47

    Quantifying the Species Barrier in Chronic Wasting Disease by a Novel in
    vitro Conversion Assay


    Li, L1; Coulthart, MB2; Balachandran, A3; Chakrabartty, A4; Cashman, NR1
    1University of British Columbia, Brain Research Centre, Canada; 2Public
    Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canada; 3Animal Diseases
    Research Institute, Canada Food Inspection Agency, National Reference Laboratory for
    Scrapie and CWD, Canada; 4Ontario Cancer Institute and Department of Medical
    Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada


    Background: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform
    encephalopathy that can affect North American cervids (deer, elk, and
    moose). Although the risk of CWD crossing the species barrier and causing human
    disease is still unknown, however, definite bovine spongiform encephalopathy
    (BSE) transmission to humans as variant CJD (vCJD), it would seem prudent to limit
    the exposure of humans to CWD.


    Aim: In view of the fact that BSE can be readily transmitted to non-bovid
    species, it is important to establish the species susceptibility range of
    CWD.


    Methods: In vitro conversion system was performed by incubation of prions
    with normal brain homogenates as described before, and protease K (PK)
    resistant PrP was determined by immunoblotting with 6H4 monoclonal prion antibody.


    Results: Our results demonstrate that PrPC from cervids (including moose)
    can be efficiently converted to a protease-resistant form by incubation with elk
    CWD prions, presumably due to sequence and structural similarities between
    these species. Interestingly, hamster shows a high conversion ratio by PrPCWD.
    Moreover, partial denaturation of substrate PrPC can apparently overcome the
    structural barriers between more distant species.


    Conclusions: Our work correctly predicted the transmission of CWD to a wild
    moose. We find a species barrier for prion protein conversion between cervids and
    other species, however, this barrier might be overcome if the PrPC substrate
    has been partially denatured in a cellular environment. Such an environment
    might also promote CWD transmission to non-cervid species, *** including humans.
    Acid/GdnHCl-treated brain PrPC was a superior substrate for the in vitro
    conversion than PrPC treated at physiological pH. This has implications for
    the process by which the prion protein is converted in disease.


    http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf


    Oral Transmissibility of Prion Disease Is Enhanced by Binding to Soil
    Particles

    Christopher J. Johnson1,2, Joel A. Pedersen3, Rick J. Chappell4, Debbie
    McKenzie2, Judd M. Aiken1,2*

    1 Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of
    Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 2
    Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,
    University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of
    America, 3 Department of Soil Science and Molecular and Environmental
    Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,
    United States of America, 4 Biostatistics and Medical Informatics,
    University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of
    America

    Soil may serve as an environmental reservoir for prion infectivity and
    contribute to the horizontal transmission of prion diseases (transmissible
    spongiform encephalopathies [TSEs]) of sheep, deer, and elk. TSE infectivity
    can persist in soil for years, and we previously demonstrated that the
    disease-associated form of the prion protein binds to soil particles and
    prions adsorbed to the common soil mineral montmorillonite (Mte) retain
    infectivity following intracerebral inoculation. Here, we assess the oral
    infectivity of Mte- and soil-bound prions. We establish that prions bound to
    Mte are orally bioavailable, and that, unexpectedly, binding to Mte
    significantly enhances disease penetrance and reduces the incubation period
    relative to unbound agent. Cox proportional hazards modeling revealed that
    across the doses of TSE agent tested, Mte increased the effective infectious
    titer by a factor of 680 relative to unbound agent. Oral exposure to
    Mte-associated prions led to TSE development in experimental animals even at
    doses too low to produce clinical symptoms in the absence of the mineral. We
    tested the oral infectivity of prions bound to three whole soils differing
    in texture, mineralogy, and organic carbon content and found soil- bound
    prions to be orally infectious. Two of the three soils increased oral
    transmission of disease, and the infectivity of agent bound to the third
    organic carbon-rich soil was equivalent to that of unbound agent. Enhanced
    transmissibility of soil-bound prions may explain the environmental spread
    of some TSEs despite the presumably low levels shed into the environment.
    Association of prions with inorganic microparticles represents a novel means
    by which their oral transmission is enhanced relative to unbound agent.


    snip...


    Discussion These experiments address the critical question of whether soil
    particle­bound prions are infectious by an environmentally relevant exposure
    route, namely, oral ingestion. Oral infectivity of soil particle­bound
    prions is a conditio sine qua non for soil to serve as an environmental
    reservoir for TSE agent. The maintenance of infectivity and enhanced
    transmissibility when TSE agent is bound to the common soil mineral Mte is
    remarkable given the avidity of the PrPTSE­Mte interaction [22]. One might
    expect the avid interaction of PrPTSE with Mte to result in the mineral
    serving as a sink, rather than a reservoir, for TSE infectivity. Our results
    demonstrate this may not be the case. Furthermore, sorption of prions to
    complex whole soils did not diminish bioavailability, and in two of three
    cases promoted disease transmission by the oral route of exposure. While
    extrapolation of these results to environmental conditions must be made with
    care, prion sorption to soil particles clearly has the potential to increase
    disease transmission via the oral route and contribute to the maintenance of
    TSE epizootics.

    Two of three tested soils potentiated oral prion disease transmission. The
    reason for increased oral transmissibility associated with some, but not
    all, of the soils remains to be elucidated. One possibility is that
    components responsible for enhancing oral transmissibility were present at
    higher levels in the Elliot and Bluestem soils than in the Dodge soil. The
    major difference between the Dodge soil and the other two soils was the
    extremely high natural organic matter content of the former (34%, [22]). The
    Dodge and Elliot soils contained similar levels of mixed-layer
    illite/smectite, although the contribution of smectite layers was higher in
    the Dodge soil (14%­16%, [22]). The organic matter present in the Dodge soil
    may have obstructed access of PrPTSE to sorption sites on smectite (or other
    mineral) surfaces.

    The mechanism by which Mte or other soil components enhances the oral
    transmissibility of particle-bound prions remains to be clarified.
    Aluminosilicate minerals such as Mte do not provoke inflammation of the
    intestinal lining [39]. Although such an effect is conceivable for whole
    soils, soil ingestion is common in ruminants and other mammals [25]. Prion
    binding to Mte or other soil components may partially protect PrPTSE from
    denaturation or proteolysis in the digestive tract [22,40] allowing more
    disease agent to be taken up from the gut than would otherwise be the case.
    Adsorption of PrPTSE to soil or soil minerals may alter the aggregation
    state of the protein, shifting the size distribution toward more infectious
    prion protein particles, thereby increasing the specific titer (i.e.,
    infectious units per mass of protein) [41]. In the intestine, PrPTSE
    complexed with soil particles may be more readily sampled, endocytosed
    (e.g., at Peyer's patches), or persorbed than unbound prions.
    Aluminosilicate (as well as titanium dioxide, starch, and silica)
    microparticles, similar in size to the Mte used in our experiments, readily
    undergo endocytotic and persorptive uptake in the small intestine [42­44].
    Enhanced translocation of the infectious agent from the gut lumen into the
    body may be responsible for the observed increase in transmission
    efficiency.

    Survival analysis indicated that when bound to Mte, prions from both BH and
    purified PrPTSE preparations were more orally infectious than unbound agent.
    Mte addition influenced the effective titer of infected BH to a lesser
    extent than purified PrPTSE. Several nonmutually exclusive factors may
    explain this result: (1) other macromolecules present in BH (e.g., lipids,
    nucleic acids, other proteins) compete with PrPTSE for Mte binding sites;
    (2) prion protein is more aggregated in the purified PrPTSE preparation than
    in BH [45], and sorption to Mte reduces PrPTSE aggregate size, increasing
    specific titer [41]; and (3) sorption of macromolecules present in BH to Mte
    influences mineral particle uptake in the gut by altering surface charge or
    size, whereas the approximately 1,000-fold lower total protein concentration
    in purified PrPTSE preparations did not produce this effect.

    We previously showed that other inorganic microparticles (kaolinite and
    silicon dioxide) also bind PrPTSE [22]. All three types of microparticles
    are widely used food additives and are typically listed as bentonite (Mte),
    kaolin (kaolinite), and silica (silicon dioxide). Microparticles are
    increasingly included in Western diets. Dietary microparticles are typically
    inert and considered safe for consumption by themselves, do not cause
    inflammatory responses or other pathologies, even with chronic consumption,
    and are often sampled in the gut and transferred from the intestinal lumen
    to lymphoid tissue [39,46,47]. Our data suggest that the binding of PrPTSE
    to dietary microparticles has the potential to enhance oral prion disease
    transmission and warrants further investigation.

    In conclusion, our results provide compelling support for the hypothesis
    that soil serves as a biologically relevant reservoir of TSE infectivity.
    Our data are intriguing in light of reports that naïve animals can contract
    TSEs following exposure to presumably low doses of agent in the environment
    [5,7­9]. We find that Mte enhances the likelihood of TSE manifestation in
    cases that would otherwise remain subclinical (Figure 3B and 3C), and that
    prions bound to soil are orally infectious (Figure 5). Our results
    demonstrate that adsorption of TSE agent to inorganic microparticles and
    certain soils alter transmission efficiency via the oral route of exposure.


    snip...full text is here:

    http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030093

    http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.ppat.0030093-L.pdf

    http://pathogens.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&file=10.1371_journal.ppat.0030093-S.pdf

    http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0611&L=sanet-mg&T=0&F=&S=&m=1742&P=7260



    Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) continues to spread
    Sports
    RONALD E. MCCALL | Thursday, September 27, 2007 at 12:30 am

    http://savannahnow.com/node/366050



    re-CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE SPREADING and USA MAD COW H-BASE and SPORADIC CJD

    http://savannahnow.com/node/366082



    CJD NEWS
    http://disc.server.com/Indices/236650.html



    CJD VOICE (voice for _all_ victims of human TSE)
    http://members.aol.com/larmstr853/cjdvoice/cjdvoice.htm



    Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
    P.O. Box 42
    Bacliff, Texas USA 77518

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